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Ants PDF 打印 E-mail

800px-Bullant_head_detailby Anthony "Ant" Richard

If you come to Australia you will see ants... they’re everywhere, and with 1275 species of ants described (and potentially enough undescribed out there to double this) there isn’t anywhere you can go in Australia that isn’t already home to these little yet numerous insects...

Ants are probably the most commonly encountered insect by humans in Australia and the combined weight of all the ants in the world would be equal to or in excess of the combined weight of all humans on earth.

The majority of ants seen in Australia are 'endemic', this means they aren’t found anywhere other than Australia. The pattern in ant diversity is similar to many other animal species in Australia; the highest numbers are found in the moist forested areas near the coast and lowest towards the arid inland centre. The diversity at a species level is different to this however, as ants are at their most diverse in arid and semi arid areas. Ants are a vital part of every ecosystem with many plants and animals (such as phasmids) evolving relationships with ants to such a degree that ants are an essential part of their life cycle.

Ant nests are among the most elaborate and complex structures constructed by any animals on earth. While some nests are complicated and built metres deep into the ground others can be incredibly simple, some ants even nest in trees. Adults ants feed exclusively on liquid food, the solid food seen being carried around by workers is intended for the larvae back in the nest. Foraging generally occurs either during the day or the night, with most ants surviving on a wide range of food. Only a few species have a narrow diet. Foraging workers follow chemical trails and visual cues to find food which is taken back to the nest.

One of the most commonly seen groups of ants in houses are the meat ants. These ants do not sting instead using a chemical defence (which is that “crushed ant” smell you smell when you bother them). Bullants however are much larger and more aggressive, with a painful sting good eye sight (for an ant) they can prove to be a problem for even humans. Amongst the largest ants in the world Bullants (also called bulldog or jumper ants) can be up to 3cm long and all but one species are found exclusively in Australia, particularly the southern regions of Australia.

So next time you think people are the kings of the earth, think about all the ants underneath your feet you might not even notice.

References

http://australianmuseum.net.au/Ants-family-formicidae

http://anic.ento.csiro.au/ants/

 
Tips for Green Living - Youth of the world unite! PDF 打印 E-mail

Why should we care about the environment? Why should we do anything about it?

Each person will give you a different answer to those questions, but the young people of the world are the ones who will be most affected by the decisions that are being made now. We may not feel like we have any power over the decisions being made about the environment and society, but we do!

GreenSpeak Bush 17 200901The Road Ahead

Did you know that the United Nations has specifically identified 'youth' as a key group for being involved in the decisions of the future? The UN says that "it is imperative that youth from all parts of the world participate actively in all relevant levels of decision-making processes" and that youth “bring unique perspectives that need to be taken into account" (United Nations Agenda 21).

There are many organisations that are dedicated to giving young people a voice on what they want their governments to do, especially in relation to the environment. In Australia for example, GetUp! and the Australian Youth Climate CoalitionWhat is sustainability?). have given power to young people and created real changes for environmental and social sustainability (click here to find out

Unfortunately, it may be awhile before changes at the government level will take effect. The good news is that there are easy ways you can make a real difference right now.

There are so many ways to live more sustainably simply by carefully choosing between the options you already have. The decisions you make will literally make a world of difference, and the more you do the bigger the difference. But no one can do everything, and no one can be entirely "green" so don't feel that it's too hard to try. Anything you can do is more than not doing anything and you'll find that once you start, the road to being green is easier than you think!

Making a few changes in your everyday choices will quickly generate rewards for yourself, the environment and society that will far outweigh the initial effort. There are easy changes you can make from what you buy, to what you do in the home and school.

For example:

  • Turn off all lights, TVs, computers and other electronics when no one's using them - if you're not coming back within five minutes it doesn't need to be on! Appliances that aren't turned on will draw energy from the wall socket, so turn them all off at the wall. A computer will use nearly as much energy off as it does when you're using it if it's still plugged in (750kg greenhouse gases from standby power – that’s heavier than a grand-prix race car!) For more information, see Standby Saturday.
  • Ride your bike to your friends house rather than someone drive you in the car - it's great exercise, gives you more independence and you'll produce less pollution.
  • Buy a metal water bottle and refill it when you're out. It'll save you money, and did you know that producing a bottle of water uses three times as much water as it can hold? Not to mention the 17 million barrels of oil or the 2.5 million tons of CO2 resulting from plastic bottle production each year.
  • Reducing waste is always the first goal, and with reusing being the next step and finally recycling when you can’t reuse any more.
  • Change your default computer settings to be more environmentally friendly - set your default document settings to print double-sided, have narrower margins and re use your printer paper. You need only do it once and you’ll half the weight of paper you carry in your school bag!
  • Ask what kind of environmental programs are at your school - can you think of a better one? Tell your favourite teachers your ideas and together you can create a "greener" school. And you'll get the credit! Check out more tips on how to green your school
  • Don't be a litterbug - rubbish on the street ends up in our creeks and oceans to choke marine life. Do you want to be swimming next to someone else's waste? It's your rubbish, be responsible for it. If there's no bin, just put it in your pocket or bag until you find one.
  • Start a worm farm - despite what mum says, it's not smelly, messy, or dirty! For information on how to start one, see the Greenspeak article on worm farming.
  • These are just a few ideas - what are yours?

The most important sustainability tool? Your brain!

Greenspeak programs are inspired by the idea that if you experience something then you will care about it. If you care about something, then you will be interested in protecting it.

Think about your favourite animal: you probably know a lot more about them than about other animals. You probably heard some weird facts about them and that made you interested enough to learn more. Then the more you learned the interested you became!

Have you ever turned on the television, seen a documentary showing, and then changed the channel as quick as you could? Next time that happens, why not give the show a chance and watch it just for two minutes (you can time yourself). The natural world is an amazing place, and all animals are weird and wonderful creatures. Did you know that there is a species of sea slug called Nudibranchs that are brightly coloured, have gills on their backs like feathers and toxic to predators? Or that there are giant insects that have evolved to look exactly like sticks and leaves? Learn a little more about our natural world and impress your friends and family!

Remember, anything you can do is more than doing nothing. Small steps accelerate to giant leaps so have a think about what kind of world you'd like to grow up in, see what you can do to make it happen, and you will inspire other people around you to do the same.


References

 
尾觉虫(竹节虫或叶昆虫) PDF 打印 E-mail

作者Rebecca Evered,课程及内容开发主管

645px-stick insect

尾觉虫(发音为法斯密兹)是那些伪装成叶子或竹节的昆虫。他们通常是绿色或者棕色,带式在他们飞行时可以看见翅膀下色彩缤纷的部分。他们已经演化成不同寻常的形状来进行伪装,从而避免被天敌发现。这类昆虫涵盖了世界上最长的昆虫。

 

这些昆虫栖息于世界上很多温暖的地方,在澳大利亚就发现了150种尾觉虫。它们通常栖息在橡胶树上,但是有时候花园里也有它们的身影。这是由于它们绝妙的伪装,要识别他们就很难了。当一只尾觉虫感到不安时,它就会摇摆,模仿一片枯叶或者在风中摇曳的树枝。

 

Phasmid在很多种类的尾觉虫里,雌性尾觉虫不需要雄性尾觉虫就能产生卵。这是一种称作孤雌生殖的特殊繁殖方式,所有的卵都会孵化成雌性昆虫。如果雌性昆虫在产卵之前与雄性的昆虫交配,它们的宝宝(称作若虫)可能 是雄的也可能是雌的。

棘叶昆虫

澳大利亚有一种有意思的尾觉虫,叫棘叶昆虫。这类虫的雌性体型庞大,但是翅膀很短,不能飞行。雄性体型瘦长,还有充分长成的翅膀。棘叶昆虫在澳大利亚及海外都很普及。

磁性的棘叶昆虫不仅身形比雄性的大,而且比它们寿命更长,能活到18个月,而雄性昆虫通常活68个月。

参考文献

http://australianmuseum.net.au/Leaf-and-Stick-Insects -Order-Phasmatodea

http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/stickie.htm

http://www.abc.net.au/creaturefeatures/facts/spinyleafinsect.htm

http://www.walkaboutpark.com.au/index.php?id=56
 
Central Bearded Dragons - Drayco! PDF 打印 E-mail

by Rachel Spinks, Environmental Educator and Drayco's mum

Test Camp838Central Bearded Dragons (like our favourite mascot Drayco) can survive in the harshest of environments: they live in the arid woodlands and deserts of Australia. Due to the extreme nature of these environments, the lizards have evolved some rather unique adaptations. The desert will often reach temperatures of 50 degrees Celsius and to prevent from being overheated the bearded dragon will bury itself underground. In other climatic extremes such as drought, they can withstand long periods without water, generally getting the moisture they need from their food.

In the mornings, central bearded dragons can be found basking on rocks in the hot sun, gaining their energy for the day. Once they have warmed to a certain temperature and kick-started their metabolism, they will begin hunting for insects, but will occasionally snack on vegetation. Central bearded dragons are territorial and display impressive gestures to one another to communicate such as bobbing their head and waving their forearms. When a male is angry, he will puff out his beard and open his mouth. When they are frightened they will flatten their body and try to camouflage with the ground.

Females are typically half the size of a male, both reaching sexual maturity between 8 and 18 months. Females will lay a clutch of about 20 eggs, hatching approximately 55 to 75 days later. Newly hatched central bearded dragons are miniature versions of the adults and are very agile. As they age however, they become much more mellow and rest for longer periods at a time. Bearded dragons are skilled climbers and jumpers, but prefer to spend most of their life on the ground. With their tough, adaptive nature and inhospitable choice for a home, central bearded dragons are relatively resilient to the human-induced changes in the climate and are thankfully under no immediate threats.

See Rachel's video about Drayco!

 
裸鳃亚目动物 PDF 打印 E-mail

作者:Ashleigh Wyett

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudibranch

裸鳃类动物是一种极其美丽,多样的无壳海洋软体动物,可以确定的种类超过3000种。澳大利亚就有300多种。“nudibranch”这个词来源于拉丁词汇“nudus”,意思是裸体的,以及希腊词汇“brankhia”意思是鳃。裸鳃类动物是通过位于身体一侧的内部鳃或背上的羽鳃呼吸的。正因为这一点,它们与其他海洋蛞蝓不同。

裸鳃类动物几乎生活在咸水域的任何深度,身长2到60厘米长,但是最大,变化最多的种类生活在温暖的浅水域。至今它们的最长寿命为一年。

http://en.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nudibranch

它们的头上常常有两对触角。它们的嘴长在鼻状物的下面,它们的两侧有触手。这些触手帮助裸鳃类动物感知触觉,用他们来感知周围的路。第二对触角称为鼻通气管,它们起到鼻子的作用,同时感知器官帮助它们找到食物。鼻通气管由于会被食肉鱼蚕食而长期处于危险之中。为了保护它们,大多数的裸鳃类动物能够撤回他们的触角到身体中一个特殊的口袋里。通常每个口袋周围都有一个突起的皮瓣,在更大的保护的需要受到困扰时它们会进行钳位关闭。

它们的眼睛很小,通常看不见,但是有时能看见向小黑点一样的,深藏在鼻通气管后面的皮肤下的眼睛。裸鳃类动物不能像人类一样看清图像,但是它们能区别光线与黑暗。因此它们能探测阴影,辨别白天与黑夜的不同。

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wik/Nudibranch

裸鳃类动物是雌雄同体,这意味着它们共同具有雌性和雄性的繁殖器官。但是它们不能自己受精。交配的一对相互通过阴茎注入精子,进行交配,然后将它们的卵注入像果酱一样的螺旋中。

大多数青年裸鳃类动物是自由游泳者,它们有小小的壳,但是当它们长成年后就没有了。它们在阴影及更深的水域中游荡,直到它们有能力在海底定居。

因为成年的裸鳃类动物视力很差,有没有壳,它们需要用其他的方法来保护自己。明亮而复杂的颜色花纹起到警告的标志,说明它们有毒,并使得像鱼类这些视力发育很好的天敌讨厌它们。它们的多彩还有一个原因,就是伪装。这是指它们能使自己的颜色与它们的食物相似来进行隐蔽。少数裸鳃类动物颜色简单,但是它们能快速的展现亮丽的色彩花纹来惊吓并吓走捕食者。

参考文献:

Holland, Jennifer S. “Living Color” National Geographic (June 2008), 92-105: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/06/nudibranchs/holland-text
Sea Slug Forum: http://www.seaslugforum.net/ retrieved 15/01/10
 


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GreenSpeak City Sydney Harbour 75 200704 - Version 2

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GreenSpeak Dad's Photos 6 200901 - Version 3

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希腊

GreenSpeak Dad's Photos 8 200904 - Version 3